🐢 General Info

Russian Tortoises (Agrionemys horsfieldii, also called Testudo horsfieldii) are small, hardy tortoises native to Central Asia, including Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Afghanistan. They are known for their domed, brownish shells and sturdy, stocky bodies. Adults typically reach 6–10 inches in length, with males slightly smaller and more concave-plastron shaped for mating, while females are larger for egg-laying.

Russian tortoises are diurnal, hardy, and intelligent, capable of recognizing their keepers over time. With proper care, they can live 40+ years, making them long-term, rewarding pets.

Enclosure

  • Size: Russian tortoises are active diggers and need ample space:

    • Juveniles: Minimum 2 ft x 2 ft x 1 ft

    • Subadults: Minimum 3 ft x 3 ft x 1.5 ft

    • Adults: Minimum 4 ft x 4 ft x 2 ft

    • Outdoor enclosures are preferred in temperate climates, with secure, predator-proof fencing.

  • Material

    • Indoor enclosures: PVC, wooden tortoise tables, or large glass tanks (with low sides for airflow)

    • Outdoor enclosures: Secure pens with burrowing barriers

    • Must be escape-proof; Russian tortoises are strong diggers

  • Substrate

    • Topsoil mixed with play sand - to help hold the holes they dig

    • Coconut coir

    • Depth: 4–6 inches for juveniles; 6–12 inches for adults

  • Décor

    • Rocks and logs for climbing and basking

    • Hides for security

    • Shallow water dish for soaking

    • Sparse foliage or artificial plants for cover

Temperature & Lighting

  • Basking Spot: 95–100°F during the day for proper digestion

  • Ambient Temperature: 75–85°F during the day

  • Cool side: 70–75°F

  • Night Temperature: 65–70°F

  • UVB Lighting

    • UVB is essential for calcium metabolism and shell health

    • T5 HO 5–10% UVB or equivalent is recommended for indoor enclosures - replace bulb every 6 - 12 months according to manufacture

    • Provide 12–14 hours of light daily

  • Outdoor Housing

    • Direct sunlight is ideal if available, providing natural UVB and heat

    • Ensure shaded areas for thermoregulation

Humidity & Water

  • Humidity

  • Moderate humidity: 40–60%

  • Russian tortoises prefer relatively dry environments

  • Avoid overly damp substrate to prevent respiratory infections

  • Water

  • Provide a shallow dish for drinking and soaking

  • Change water daily

  • Soak juveniles 2–3× per week to maintain hydration

Diet

  • Type: Herbivores. Protein and fruits should be minimal or avoided.

  • Staple Foods

    • Leafy greens: dandelion, collard, mustard, turnip, escarole

    • Vegetables: squash, bell peppers, carrots (in moderation)

    • High-fiber grasses and weeds: clover, plantain, timothy hay

  • Occasional Treats

    • Hibiscus flowers or rose petals

    • Limited fruits only as treats (rarely)

  • Supplements

    • Calcium powder: 3–4× per week

    • Reptile multivitamin: 1–2× per week

    • Avoid feeding iceberg lettuce, spinach, or high-oxalate foods regularly.

Behavior & Handling

  • Temperament: Russian Tortoise are pretty hardy animals, they tend to be pretty calm spending much of their day digging and exploring their surroundings. Typically solitary but people have had luck co-habiting.

  • Handling

    • Minimal handling recommended; support the full body

    • Avoid stressful or prolonged handling

    • Regular interaction helps habituate them to human presence

  • Enrichment

    • Provide digging substrate

    • Logs or rocks for climbing

    • Shallow water for soaking

    • Outdoor time in secure pens when possible

Health & Lifespan

  • Lifespan: 40+ years with proper care with some individuals living 50+ years

  • Common Health Issues

    • Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD): from poor UVB or calcium deficiency

    • Respiratory infections: from high humidity or cold temperatures

    • Parasites: monitor feces regularly

    • Obesity: overfeeding or improper diet can cause liver and kidney issues

  • Signs of Illness

    • Lethargy or refusal to eat

    • Soft or pyramided shell

    • Respiratory wheezing or discharge

    • Swollen eyes or limbs

    • Sudden weight loss or bloating

  • Veterinary Care: Professional veterinary care should always be consulted when you think your pet may have an issue. Watch for signs of illness, catching an issue early on goes a long way.

🐢 Final Thoughts

Russian Tortoises are hardy, long-lived, and rewarding pets for dedicated keepers. They require spacious enclosures, appropriate UVB, proper diet, moderate humidity, and consistent observation. With correct care, they thrive, remain active, and can become fascinating companions for decades.