🐢 General Info

Russian Tortoises (Agrionemys horsfieldii, also called Testudo horsfieldii) are small, hardy tortoises native to Central Asia, including Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Afghanistan. They are known for their domed, brownish shells and sturdy, stocky bodies. Adults typically reach 6–10 inches in length, with males slightly smaller and more concave-plastron shaped for mating, while females are larger for egg-laying.

Russian tortoises are diurnal, hardy, and intelligent, capable of recognizing their keepers over time. With proper care, they can live 40+ years, making them long-term, rewarding pets.

1. Enclosure

Size

Russian tortoises are active diggers and need ample space:

  • Juveniles: Minimum 2 ft x 2 ft x 1 ft

  • Subadults: Minimum 3 ft x 3 ft x 1.5 ft

  • Adults: Minimum 4 ft x 4 ft x 2 ft

Outdoor enclosures are preferred in temperate climates, with secure, predator-proof fencing.

Material

  • Indoor enclosures: PVC, wooden tortoise tables, or large glass tanks (with low sides for airflow)

  • Outdoor enclosures: Secure pens with burrowing barriers

  • Must be escape-proof; Russian tortoises are strong diggers

Substrate

  • Dry, loose substrate that allows digging:

    • Topsoil mixed with play sand

    • Coconut coir

  • Depth: 4–6 inches for juveniles; 6–12 inches for adults

Décor

  • Rocks and logs for climbing and basking

  • Hides for security

  • Shallow water dish for soaking

  • Sparse foliage or artificial plants for cover

2. Temperature & Lighting

Basking Spot

  • 95–100°F during the day for proper digestion

Ambient Temperature

  • 75–85°F during the day

  • Cool side: 70–75°F

  • Night Temperature: 65–70°F

UVB Lighting

  • UVB is essential for calcium metabolism and shell health

  • T5 HO 5–10% UVB or equivalent is recommended for indoor enclosures

  • Provide 12–14 hours of light daily

  • Replace bulbs every 6–12 months

Outdoor Housing

  • Direct sunlight is ideal if available, providing natural UVB and heat

  • Ensure shaded areas for thermoregulation

3. Humidity & Water

Humidity

  • Moderate humidity: 40–60%

  • Russian tortoises prefer relatively dry environments

  • Avoid overly damp substrate to prevent respiratory infections

Water

  • Provide a shallow dish for drinking and soaking

  • Change water daily

  • Soak juveniles 2–3× per week to maintain hydration

4. Diet

Russian tortoises are strict herbivores. Protein and fruits should be minimal or avoided.

Staple Foods

  • Leafy greens: dandelion, collard, mustard, turnip, escarole

  • Vegetables: squash, bell peppers, carrots (in moderation)

  • High-fiber grasses and weeds: clover, plantain, timothy hay

Occasional Treats

  • Hibiscus flowers or rose petals

  • Limited fruits only as treats (rarely)

Supplements

  • Calcium powder: 3–4× per week

  • Reptile multivitamin: 1–2× per week

Avoid feeding iceberg lettuce, spinach, or high-oxalate foods regularly.

5. Behavior & Handling

Temperament

  • Hardy, calm, and curious

  • Enjoy exploring and digging

  • Generally solitary; do not require social interaction

Handling

  • Minimal handling recommended; support the full body

  • Avoid stressful or prolonged handling

  • Regular interaction helps habituate them to human presence

Enrichment

  • Provide digging substrate

  • Logs or rocks for climbing

  • Shallow water for soaking

  • Outdoor time in secure pens when possible

6. Health & Lifespan

Lifespan

  • 40+ years with proper care

  • Some individuals can live 50+ years

Common Health Issues

  • Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD): from poor UVB or calcium deficiency

  • Respiratory infections: from high humidity or cold temperatures

  • Parasites: monitor feces regularly

  • Obesity: overfeeding or improper diet can cause liver and kidney issues

Signs of Illness

  • Lethargy or refusal to eat

  • Soft or pyramided shell

  • Respiratory wheezing or discharge

  • Swollen eyes or limbs

  • Sudden weight loss or bloating

Vet Care

  • Seek an experienced reptile veterinarian if symptoms arise

  • Regular health checks help prevent long-term problems

🐢 Final Notes

Russian Tortoises are hardy, long-lived, and rewarding pets for dedicated keepers. They require spacious enclosures, appropriate UVB, proper diet, moderate humidity, and consistent observation. With correct care, they thrive, remain active, and can become fascinating companions for decades.