🐢 General Info

Leopard Tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis) are large, hardy tortoises native to the savannas and grasslands of eastern and southern Africa. They are named for the striking black-and-yellow spotted pattern on their domed shells, which varies between individuals. Adults are significantly larger than many other tortoise species, typically reaching 12–18 inches in length and weighing 15–40 pounds, with males slightly smaller and less domed than females.

Leopard tortoises are diurnal, active, and intelligent, capable of recognizing familiar keepers over time. With proper care, they can live 50–75+ years, making them long-term, rewarding pets.

1. Enclosure

Size

Leopard tortoises are active grazers and need large enclosures:

  • Juveniles: Minimum 3 ft x 3 ft x 1 ft

  • Subadults: Minimum 4 ft x 4 ft x 1.5 ft

  • Adults: Minimum 6 ft x 6 ft x 2 ft (preferably larger)

Outdoor enclosures are ideal in warm climates, with predator-proof fencing.

Material

  • Indoor enclosures: PVC, tortoise tables, or large wooden pens

  • Outdoor enclosures: Secure pens with burrowing barriers

  • Escape-proofing is essential—Leopard tortoises are strong diggers

Substrate

  • Loose, well-draining substrates that allow digging:

    • Topsoil mixed with play sand

    • Coconut coir

    • Organic mulch

  • Depth: 4–8 inches for juveniles; 6–12 inches for adults

Décor

  • Rocks and logs for climbing and basking

  • Hides on both warm and cool sides

  • Shallow water dish for soaking

  • Sparse foliage or artificial plants for cover

2. Temperature & Lighting

Basking Spot

  • 95–105°F for proper digestion and metabolism

Ambient Temperature

  • 80–90°F during the day

  • Cool side: 75–80°F

  • Night Temperature: 65–75°F

UVB Lighting

  • UVB is essential for calcium metabolism and shell growth

  • T5 HO 10–12% UVB or equivalent is recommended indoors

  • Provide 12–14 hours of light daily

  • Replace bulbs every 6–12 months

Outdoor Housing

  • Direct sunlight is ideal if available, providing natural heat and UVB

  • Provide shaded areas for thermoregulation

3. Humidity & Water

Humidity

  • Moderate humidity: 40–60% is ideal

  • Leopard tortoises are from arid to semi-arid regions and do not require high humidity

  • Avoid overly damp substrates to prevent shell rot or respiratory issues

Water

  • Provide a shallow, sturdy water dish for drinking and soaking

  • Change water daily or whenever soiled

  • Juveniles may require soaking 2–3× per week for hydration

4. Diet

Leopard tortoises are strict herbivores and prefer high-fiber, low-protein diets.

Staple Foods

  • Leafy greens: dandelion, collard, mustard, turnip greens

  • Grasses and hay: Timothy, Bermuda, orchard grass

  • Vegetables: squash, bell peppers, carrots (sparingly)

Occasional Treats

  • Hibiscus flowers, rose petals, or other safe edible flowers

  • Small amounts of fruit only occasionally (e.g., berries)

Supplements

  • Calcium powder: 3–4× per week

  • Reptile multivitamin: 1–2× per week

Avoid iceberg lettuce, spinach, and high-protein foods regularly.

5. Behavior & Handling

Temperament

  • Hardy, calm, and curious

  • Enjoy grazing, exploring, and digging

  • Generally solitary; do not require social interaction

Handling

  • Minimal handling is recommended

  • Support the full body and avoid lifting by the limbs or shell edge

  • Gentle, consistent interaction helps habituate them to humans

Enrichment

  • Deep substrate for digging

  • Logs or rocks for climbing

  • Shallow water for soaking

  • Outdoor grazing in secure, predator-proof pens

6. Health & Lifespan

Lifespan

  • 50–75+ years in captivity with proper care

Common Health Issues

  • Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD): from insufficient UVB or calcium

  • Respiratory infections: from damp, poorly ventilated enclosures

  • Parasites: monitor feces regularly

  • Obesity: portion control and proper diet are essential

Signs of Illness

  • Lethargy or refusal to eat

  • Soft or pyramided shell

  • Respiratory wheezing or discharge

  • Swollen eyes or limbs

  • Sudden weight loss or bloating

Vet Care

  • Consult a reptile veterinarian if symptoms appear

  • Routine health checks are recommended, especially for long-lived species

🐢 Final Notes

Leopard Tortoises are hardy, long-lived, and visually striking reptiles for dedicated keepers. They require spacious enclosures, proper UVB, high-fiber diet, moderate humidity, and safe outdoor access. With correct care, they thrive, remain active and healthy, and can become fascinating, long-term companions.